Final PSYC 2301 Exam Objectives
PSYC 2301 STUDENT SUPPLEMENTAL HANDBOOK
MEYERS
PSYCHOLOGY: EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY
9TH EDITION
| I. INTRODUCTION | |||
| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms
(These terms appear in either bold-face italics or non-bold italics in the text. Italicized bold-faced terms are defined in the text’s glossary.) |
|
| 5 | 1. Define psychology. | psychology | |
| 5 | 2. Describe the major schools of thought and theoretical perspectives in psychology. | behaviorism
psychoanalytic theory humanism cognitive perspective evolutionary psychology biological perspective |
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| 30 | 3. Describe the ways in which increased interest in cultural variables has changed the field of psychology. | None | |
| 17-19 | 4. Define the scientific approach, and explain how it is used in psychology. | scientific approach
hypothesis |
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| 24-27 | 5. Describe experiments, state their advantages and disadvantages, and distinguish between independent and dependent variables. | experiment
independent variable dependent variable experimental group control group random assignment |
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| 19-29 | 6. Define and explain the differences among the various descriptive research methods. | naturalistic observation
case study survey correlation correlation coefficient |
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| 24 | 7. Describe a representative sample and explain why such samples are important. | sample
population |
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| 27 | 8. Explain the rationale behind the placebo-controlled procedure. | placebo
double-blind procedure placebo effects |
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| 31-32 | 9. Outline the ethical standards that psychological researchers must adhere to. | None | |
| II. BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR | |||
| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 37 | 1. Identify the basic components of the neuron. | neuron
dendrites axon cell body (soma) |
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| 37-38 | 2. Define action potential, and explain the processes that occur when a neuron is activated. | action potential
resting potential |
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| 38 | 3. Identify the basic components of the synapse. | synapse | |
| 40 | 4. Explain how neurotransmitters affect behavior, and identify the major neurotransmitters. | neurotransmitters
acetylcholine dopamine serotonin norepinephrine endorphins |
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| 43-46 | 5. Explain the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems. | central nervous system
peripheral nervous system |
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| 44 | 6. Explain the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. | sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system autonomic nervous system |
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| 53 | 7. Describe the various methods for studying the brain and its functions. | electroencephalograph (EEG)
computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positron emission tomography (PET scan) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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| 56 | 8. Identify the medulla and cerebellum, and describe their functions. | brainstem
medulla cerebellum |
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| 55 | 9. List the processes regulated by the hypothalamus. | hypothalamus | |
| 54 | 10. Describe the limbic system, and list the responses and behaviors affected by it. | limbic system
hippocampus amygdala |
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| 52-57 | 11. Describe the components of the cerebrum and their functions. | cerebrum
corpus callosum cerebral hemispheres cerebral cortex |
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| 52-57 | 12. Explain the functions of the frontal lobes. | frontal lobes
motor cortex Broca’s area |
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| 61 | 13. Define plasticity. | None | |
| 47 | 14. Describe the ways in which the endocrine system, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands affect behavior. | endocrine system
pituitary hormones |
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| III. LEARNING | |||
| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 254 | 1. Define and identify examples of learning. | learning | |
| 254-260 | 2. Explain the process through which classical conditioning modifies an organism’s responses to stimuli. | classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) stimulus generalization stimulus discrimination extinction (in classical conditioning) spontaneous recovery |
|
| 3. Summarize the contributions of Pavlov and Watson to the study of learning. | None | ||
| 263-267 | 4. Explain the process through which operant conditioning modifies an organism’s responses to stimuli. | operant conditioning
reinforcement extinction stimulus generalization discriminative stimuli primary reinforcer conditionedy reinforcer |
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| 264 | 5. Define shaping. | shaping | |
| 268 | 6. Explain the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. | positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement |
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| 268-269 | 7. Define punishment and summarize the factors that influence its effectiveness. | punishment | |
| 280 | 8. Define observational learning. | observational learning | |
| 9. Define behavior modification. | behavior modification | ||
| IV. MEMORY | |||
| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 292 | 1. Explain the basic processes involved in memory, and the main ideas of information-processing theories. | encoding
storage retrieval information processing theories |
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| 293-296 | 2. Describe the functions and characteristics of short-term memory. | short-term memory
“working memory” |
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| 306-308 | 3. Describe the characteristics of long-term memory. | long-term memory
declarative memory-explicit semantic memory episodic memory nondeclarative memory-implicit
|
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| 286-287 | 5. Explain the differences among recall measures, retrieval cues, and recognition measures. | recall measure
retrieval cues recognition measure |
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| 319 | 6. Describe the process of reconstructive memory. | None | |
| 311-317 | 7. Explain the causes of forgetting. | ineffective encoding (pseudoforgetting)
decay theory interference theory motivated forgetting |
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| 320-321 | 8. Describe several techniques for improving memory. | mnemonic devices
elaboration overlearning (massed practice) (distributed practice) |
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| V. LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT | |||
| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 167 | 1. Explain the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs. | cross-sectional design
longitudinal design (These terms are bold-faced in the supplementary reading. They are not in the text.) |
|
| 128 | 2. List the characteristics of the three stages of prenatal development. | zygote
germinal stage embryonic stage fetal stage |
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| 129 | 3. Explain the effects of teratogens and other negative factors on prenatal development. | fetal alcohol syndrome | |
| 143–144 | 4. Describe the relationship between contact comfort and attachment. | attachment
separation anxiety |
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| 145 | 5. Explain the differences among the secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant patterns of attachment. | secure attachment
avoidant attachment anxious-ambivalent attachment |
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| 149 | 6. Explain the effects of the authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting styles on children’s development. | authoritarian style
authoritative style permissive style |
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| 157 | 7. Summarize the characteristics of each of Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises. | psychosocial crisis | |
| 137 | 8. Describe the process of cognitive development as Piaget explained it. | schema (not the same as “schema” in memory)
assimilation
accommodation |
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| 137-142 | 9. Summarize the characteristics of each of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. | sensorimotor stage
object permanence preoperational stage egocentrism concrete operational stage conservation formal operational stage |
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| 155 | 10. Explain Kohlberg’s levels and stages of moral development. | preconventional
conventional postconventional |
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| 11. Describe the symptoms and proposed causes of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. | dementia | ||
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VI. PERSONALITY |
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| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 453 | 1. Define personality. | personality | |
| 468 & 473 | 2. Explain the five-factor model of personality. | personality trait
five-factor model of personality “Big Five” |
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| 454-455 | 3. Describe the processes that take place in the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious mind. | unconscious
conscious preconcious |
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| 455 | 4. Define and identify the functions of the id, ego, and superego. | id
ego superego reality principle pleasure principle |
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| 457 | 5. Explain the purpose of defense mechanisms in Freud’s theory. | defense mechanism | |
| 456 | 6. Summarize the characteristics of each of Freud’s psychosexual stages. | psychosexual stages | |
| 459-460 | 7. Explain Bandura’s and Mischel’s approaches to personality. | None | |
| 447-448 | 8. Explain the views of humanistic theorists regarding the personality. | humanism | |
| 462-464 | 9. Explain the views of Abraham Maslow regarding self-actualizing persons. | self-actualizing persons
hierarchy of needs
|
|
| 470-471
459-460 |
11. Explain the difference between self-report inventories and projective personality tests. | self-report inventory
projective test |
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| VII. HEALTH, STRESS, AND COPING | |||
| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 544 | 1. Describe the biopsychosocial model of health and the field of health psychology. | biopsychosocial model
health psychology (section heading on |
|
| 2. Describe the cumulative impact of everyday hassles on stress and health. | None | ||
| 3. Explain the purpose and structure of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). | None | ||
| 419-421 | 4. Describe the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). | general adaptation syndrome (GAS) | |
| 431 | 5. Explain the difference between constructive and defensive coping. | constructive coping
defensive coping |
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| 422-423 | 6. Describe the effects of stress on the immune system. | None | |
| 433-442 | 7. List the factors that influence individuals’ capacity for resisting the effects of stress. | None | |
| VIII. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
|
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| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 542 | 1. List the criteria for abnormal behavior. | None | |
| 545 | 2. Describe the purpose, organization, and content of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | |
| 570 | 3. Define and describe phobic disorders. | phobic disorder
|
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| 569 | 4. List the criteria for the diagnosis of panic disorder. | panic disorder | |
| 570 | 5. Describe the features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | obsessive-compulsive disorder | |
| 571 | 6. Describe the features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). | post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | |
| 7. List the characteristics of the somatoform disorders. | somatoform disorders
hypochondriasis |
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| 575-576 | 8. Describe the characteristics of dissociative identity disorder. | dissociative identity disorder | |
| 551 | 9. Describe the features of major depressive disorder. | major depressive disorder | |
| 562 | 10. Describe the features of schizophrenic disorders | schizophrenic disorders | |
| 464-467 | 11. List the possible causes (etiology) of schizophrenia. | None | |
| 562 | 12. Summarize the features of the major subtypes of schizophrenia. | paranoid schizophrenia
disorganized schizophrenia catatonic schizophrenia undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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| 579-581 | 13. Summarize the features of the personality disorders. | personality disorders
antisocial personality disorder |
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| IX. THERAPIES | |||
| Pages | Learning Objectives | Key Terms | |
| 1. Explain the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist. | psychologist
psychiatrist |
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| 586-588
588-590 591-594 595-597 612-617 |
2. Summarize the various approaches to therapy. | psychoanalysis
client-centered therapy behavior therapies cognitive therapy biomedical therapies |
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